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Go Module is an official dependency management mechanism introduced by Go language from 1.11. It is a collection of related Go packages, which are versioned and dependency management through go.mod files. 1. Use go mod init to initialize the module, generate go.mod file, define the module path and Go version; 2. Dependency management is automatically processed by Go. When running go build and other commands, the dependencies will be automatically downloaded and updated go.mod and go.sum files; 3. go.mod records the module path, Go version, require dependency list, replace replacement rules and exclude exclusion versions; 4. go.sum records the checksum of the dependency module to ensure that the build is reproducible and automatically generated and maintained by the system; 5. Common operations include: running go mod tidy to clean unused dependencies and fill in missing dependencies, point to the local path to develop and debug, execute go clean -modcache to clean the cache to force re-download, view the dependency graph through go mod graph, and use go list -m all to list all module versions; 6. It is recommended to use go mod tidy and go mod verify in CI/CD to ensure dependency consistency. The design goal of Go modules is simple, reliable, and correct by default. Combined with semantic version control, it can achieve efficient and stable dependency management. Projects can complete offline construction and reproducible construction without relying on GOPATH, which greatly improves development efficiency and project maintenance.
Go modules is an official dependency management mechanism introduced by the Go language from version 1.11, which solves the long-standing problems of project dependency version confusion and inability to build offline. It allows Go projects to be separated from GOPATH
and achieve more flexible and reproducible dependency management.

What is a Go Module?
A Go module is a collection of related Go packages that are versioned and managed as a logical unit. Each module is defined by a go.mod
file that records the module path, Go version, and other modules it depends on.
Creating a module is simple, just run it in the project root directory:

go mod init example.com/myproject
This will generate a go.mod
file with the content similar to:
module example.com/myproject go 1.21
How are dependencies managed?
When you import an external package (such as github.com/sirupsen/logrus
) into your code and run build or test commands, Go automatically parses the dependencies and updates go.mod
.

For example:
go build
Go will:
- Analyze import statements
- Download the required dependencies (default from proxy.golang.org)
- Write dependencies and their versions
go.mod
- Generate
go.sum
file to record the checksum of each dependent module to ensure that the build is reproducible
You can also manually add or upgrade dependencies:
go get github.com/sirupsen/logrus@v1.9.0
This will:
- Download the specified version
- Update dependency version in
go.mod
- Update
go.sum
If you want to upgrade all dependencies to the latest compatible version:
go get -u
To download all dependencies to the local pkg/mod
cache, but not build:
go mod download
The role of go.mod and go.sum
go.mod
Core configuration file, including:-
module
: the import path of the current module -
go
: The Go version used by the project -
require
: List direct and indirect dependencies and their versions -
replace
: replaces a dependency source (such as pointing to a local fork) -
exclude
: Exclude some versions (less used)
Example:
module example.com/myproject go 1.21 require ( github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.0 golang.org/x/text v0.14.0 )
-
go.sum
Record the hash value of each module version to prevent dependencies from being tampered with. Each time a module is downloaded, Go verifies that its contents are consistent with what is recorded ingo.sum
.Don't edit
go.sum
manually, it is automatically generated and maintained.
Common operations and techniques
1. Clean up unused dependencies
go mod tidy
This command will:
- Add missing dependencies
- Delete dependencies that are no longer used in
go.mod
- Make sure
go.sum
is complete
It is recommended to run after each code modification.
2. Use local replacement (for development and debugging)
For example, if you modify a dependency library locally, you can use replace
to point to the local path:
replace example.com/utils => ../utils
Remember to delete replace
after development is completed, otherwise others will not find the path if they pull the code.
3. Force re-download dependencies
If you suspect a cache error, you can clean the module cache:
go clean -modcache
Then go mod download
or go build
again.
4. View dependency graph
go mod graph
Output all dependencies, suitable for troubleshooting version conflicts.
go list -m all
Lists all modules and their versions used by the current project.
Tips
- Go modules is enabled by default, without setting environment variables (unless you want to turn it off).
- It is recommended to use the semantic version (SemVer), and Go will automatically select the latest compatible version.
- If the project is still in
GOPATH
, but want to use module, you can setGO111MODULE=on
to force it on. - It is recommended to add
go mod tidy
andgo mod verify
to ensure dependency consistency.
Basically that's it. Go modules are designed to be "simple, reliable, and correct by default". As long as you follow the regular process, you don't need to worry about dependencies most of the time.
The above is the detailed content of Dependency Management in Go with Modules. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

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