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To safely handle PHP file uploads, you need to verify the source and type, control the file name and path, set server restrictions, and process media files twice. 1. Verify the upload source to prevent CSRF through token and detect the real MIME type through finfo_file using whitelist control; 2. Rename the file to a random string and determine the extension to store it in a non-Web directory according to the detection type; 3. PHP configuration limits the upload size and temporary directory Nginx/Apache prohibits access to the upload directory; 4. The GD library resaves the pictures to clear potential malicious data.
Uploading files is a common feature in many PHP applications, but if handled accidentally, it can easily bring security risks. The most direct problem is: the files uploaded by users may contain malicious code. Therefore, the core of ensuring file upload security lies in verification, restriction and isolation .
The following is based on several actual scenarios and talk about how to safely handle file uploads in PHP.
1. Verify the upload source and file type
First, make sure that the upload request is indeed from your own form, not a request made by others. You can prevent CSRF attacks by checking $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] (although not entirely reliable), or using a one-time token.
Secondly, don't just rely on the client to judge the file type . The MIME type is provided when the browser uploads, but this can be faked. PHP provides mime_content_type() or finfo_file() functions to read the real file type:
$finfo = finfo_open(FILEINFO_MIME_TYPE); $mime = finfo_file($finfo, $_FILES['file']['tmp_name']);
It is recommended that whitelist control allowable types, such as:
- Image category:
image/jpeg,image/png - Document class:
application/pdf, etc.
The blacklisting method is prone to missing new attack methods and is not recommended.
2. Control file name and storage path
Do not use the file names uploaded by users directly, because there may be special characters or hidden structures, such as .php files that are masquerading as pictures.
The method is very simple:
- Rename the file to a random string, such as
md5(uniqid()) . '.jpg' - Don't trust the original file extension, determine the suffix by the real type of detection
In addition, do not place the upload directory under the Web access path . For example, save the file in /var/www/uploads/ instead of in uploads/ directory in the website root directory, so that even if the executable script is uploaded, it cannot be directly accessed and run.
3. Set security restrictions for server and PHP
PHP comes with some upload-related configuration items, set in php.ini :
-
upload_max_filesizeandpost_max_size: Control the maximum upload size -
file_uploads: Whether to allow uploading -
upload_tmp_dir: Temporary directory, preferably set to a non-Web path
The Apache/Nginx level can also be restricted, such as Nginx:
location /uploads/ {
deny all;
}This prevents users from directly accessing content in the uploaded directory.
You can also consider adding .htaccess (Apache) to the upload directory to prohibit script execution:
Options -ExecCGI -Indexes AddHandler cgi-script .php .php3 .pl .py .jsp .asp
4. Secondary processing of media files such as pictures
If your app accepts image uploads, an additional security measure is to re-"process" these images:
- Open the image with GD or Imagick and save it again
- This can clear away malicious data embedded in the picture (such as scripts carried by EXIF ??information)
Sample code snippet:
$image = imagecreatefromjpeg($_FILES['file']['tmp_name']); imagejpeg($image, 'new_image.jpg'); imagedestroy($image);
Although all attacks cannot be completely eliminated, they can effectively improve security.
Basically that's it. The key point is still the same old saying: Never trust user input . Although the upload function is common, it will become a backdoor entry if you are not careful. Only by doing a good job of verification, restricting permissions, and isolating the environment can you truly reduce risks.
The above is the detailed content of How to handle File Uploads securely in PHP?. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!
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